On May 16, Palestinian Authority (PA) security officers raided the home of Palestinian journalist Tareq Abu Zeid in the West Bank city of Nablus. After ransacking the house, the officers confiscated a computer and mobile phone before taking Abu Zeid into custody.

Abu Zeid, 40, who works for the Al-Aqsa TV channel, which is affiliated with Hamas, was held in detention for 37 days at the notorious PA-controlled Jneid Prison in Nablus.

On June 22, a Palestinian court in Nablus ordered the release of the journalist on 5,000 Jordanian dinars (about $8,000) bail. The same court had ordered Abu Zeid remanded into custody three times during his detention. The court had turned down seven petitions demanding the release of the journalist during his incarceration.

No charges have been filed against Abu Zeid, who is originally from the West Bank city of Jenin. It is also highly unlikely that he will ever stand trial.

Palestinian security sources said he was suspected of “publishing news that harms the public interest and fomenting strife” among Palestinians. Although the sources did not provide further details, it is believed that Abu Zeid was accused of publishing stories that reflected negatively on the Palestinian Authority and its leaders. In other words, the journalist failed to serve as a mouthpiece for the PA and its leaders.

Abu Zeid is not the first Palestinian journalist to be targeted by the PA. Such arrests have become commonplace under the Palestinian Authority. But now it seems that the PA has moved from the phase of intimidation to torture.

Upon his release, Abu Zeid accused PA security forces of torturing him physically and psychologically during his detention. He stated that he was held in solitary confinement and deprived of sleep for three days.

According to his account, Abu Zeid was also subjected to shabah-style torture, where a detainee’s hands and feet are tied in painful positions while his head is covered with a bag. He said that he was also slapped on the face dozens of times by his interrogators during the first week of his detention. One of the interrogators threw him to the floor and kicked him in sensitive parts of his lower body, he added. “I was slapped on the face more than 100 times during the interrogation,” he recounted. “The interrogation sessions often began at 10.00 pm and lasted until the early morning.”

The interrogators tried to force the journalist to smoke a cigarette, although he does not smoke. When he refused, they threatened to extinguish the cigarette on his body. During the lengthy interrogation sessions, the interrogators also threatened to arrest Abu Zeid’s wife, a female colleague and his lawyer.

That would have been the closest he would have gotten to the lawyer: in the 37 days of detention, Abu Zeid claimed that he was prevented from meeting with his lawyer or any representative of a human rights organization. His mother and wife were permitted to visit him briefly, but only in the presence of security officers. He was banned from asking his wife and mother about his family members or talking about his detention conditions and interrogation.

Abu Zeid said that the interrogation focused on his work as a journalist and his relations with other Palestinian journalists. He was particularly asked about the sources of some of his reports and how he obtained information.

At one point, the interrogators asked Abu Zeid to sign a document stating that his detention was not politically motivated or linked to freedom of expression. When he refused to sign the document, he said, he was severely beaten.

While he was in detention, Palestinian journalists staged protests in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to call for the immediate release of their colleague. Abu Zeid’s father said that when he saw his son during one of the court sessions to remand him into custody, he “appeared like a statue without a soul or life.” These protests against the Palestinian Authority were almost completely ignored by the mainstream media and human rights organizations in the West.

Palestinian journalists protest in Nablus to demand that the Palestinian Authority release their colleague, Tareq Abu Zeid, on June 24, 2016. (Image source: Al Resalah)

Palestinian human rights groups expressed deep concern over the detention of the journalist, and called on the Palestinian Authority to respect freedom of the media and expression in the West Bank. One group, Hemaya Center for Human Rights, condemned the arrest of Abu Zeid as an assault on freedom of speech. “We emphasize the need to give space to freedom of expression and to refrain from making accusations in order to justify the suppression of freedom of the media and expression, which are guaranteed by the Palestinian Basic Law and international law,” the group said.

Yet the PA goes its un-merry way. Three days after Abu Zeid’s release, Palestinian security officers arrested another journalist, Amer Abu Arafeh. Abu Arafeh, who hails from Hebron, was arrested during a tour of Nablus. No reason was given for the arrest of Abu Arafeh, who works for a Hamas-affiliated news agency. His colleagues and family members said that Abu Arafeh’s arrest was directly linked to his work as a journalist and not his political affiliation.

Neither Abu Zeid nor Abu Arafeh are strangers to Palestinian prisons. The two journalists have been arrested several times, thanks to their unfavorable reporting on the Palestinian Authority and its security forces.

In the past few years, the Palestinian security forces have arrested several journalists and bloggers on various charges, first and foremost for criticizing President Mahmoud Abbas and other senior Palestinian officials.

Among those arrested are Yusef Al-Shayeb, who was accused of “insulting” the PA’s ambassador to France, Hayel Fahoum, and his deputy, Safwat Ibraghith.

Another journalist, Tareq Al-Sarkaji, was arrested by the Palestinian security forces in 2013 for writing an article in which he criticized the Palestinian Authority and its security coordination with Israel.

Then there is the case of journalist Tareq Khamis, who was arrested in 2012 for criticizing the arrest of another female journalist, Esmat Abdel Khaleq. Abdel Khaleq had been arrested after she posted a Facebook comment that was deemed insulting to President Abbas.

Other Palestinian journalists targeted by the PA in the past few years include Amir Abu Aram, Muhanad Salahat, Mohammed Awad, Adeeb Al-Atrash, Musa Al-Shaer and George Kanawati.

The Palestinian Authority does not take well to any form of criticism, but it finds particularly disturbing accusations lodged against its senior officials.

Palestinian security forces earlier this month summoned for interrogation journalist Mohamed Abed Rabbo after he published an investigative report about corruption of a senior Palestinian official. The report was published in the online newspaper Alaraby Aljadeed, whose offices in Ramallah have been raided in the past by Palestinian security officers.

In November 2015, Palestinian security forces summoned for interrogation the newspaper’s Ramallah bureau chief, Naela Khalil, on charges that she was working for an “unlicensed” publication. The Palestinian Authority suspects that the newspaper is affiliated with an arch-enemy of President Abbas, ousted Fatah strongman Mohamed Dahlan, who is living in exile in the United Arab Emirates.

The PA’s ongoing crackdown on journalists in the West Bank coincides with a report published last week by a human rights organization that talked about human rights violations in both the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The report noted that the year 2015 witnessed a “deterioration” in human rights in the territories and described the situation there as “catastrophic on all levels — political, security and human rights.” The report pointed out that Palestinians, including journalists, were being arrested by the Palestinian Authority because of their work and postings on social media.

Ironically, this campaign against journalists, which has failed to draw the attention of the international community and mainstream media in the West, is designed to prevent the world from understanding that the Palestinian Authority is a dictatorship. So far, the plan is working. Today, the victims are Palestinian journalists. Tomorrow, the victims will be Western journalists who dare to criticize the PA or publish reports that are deemed “offensive” to President Abbas.

Khaled Abu Toameh, an award-winning journalist, is based in Jerusalem.

“Man differs from the animal by the fact that he is a killer; he is the only primate that kills and tortures members of his own species without any reason… and who feels satisfaction in doing so.” — Erich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness.

Throughout the world, many people suffer from some form or other of mental illness. Of these, a substantial number are also inclined to various expressions of aggression. When conditions arise to dignify their irrepressible violent urges under the purifying rubric of some “higher cause” — such as revolution, rebellion, or jihad — some will gratefully seize upon those “exculpatory” opportunities.

There is a singularly important lesson for the West’s growing struggle against terrorism. It is that in many instances, the events that occur in religion and politics do not do so for the reasons given. Rather, allegedly noble causes that are ascribed are merely after-the-fact rationalizations of certain barbarous human inclinations.

“Homo homini lupus,” said Freud: “Man is a wolf to man.” In essence, this observation lies at the heart of all forms of terrorism, as it also does of war, genocide, and many iterations of violent crime. It follows that if we should ever really want to declare a sincere “war on terrorism,” we would first have to seek beyond the usual assemblage of military remedies. They can generally never exceed a more-or-less futile tinkering at the margins of what is really most important.

Years back, Harold Lasswell, the great American political scientist, described political figures as those who would “displace their private motives on public objects, and rationalize the displacement in terms of public advantage.” What he meant by this psychological explanation was that the core motives of politicians may be deeply personal, relate primarily to apprehensions over deference or status, and still be reassuringly justified or “sanitized” by their owners in terms of some elevated motive. No candidate for the American presidency will ever acknowledge that he or she is running for office to maximize compelling private needs, but all candidates will readily affirm that they have somehow been “called” to rescue an imperiled nation from one or another of the “usual suspects.”

Today, we see that such public kinds of rationalization and displacement are not confined to ordinary politics. On the contrary, we can recognize that these dynamics already animate a fair number of modern terrorists, especially ISIS and other assorted jihadists.

To be sure, there is no scientific way in which determinations of motive can be usefully foreseen or diagnosed.

Nowadays, the standard characterization for seemingly eccentric terrorist foes is “lone wolf,” but even if we should prefer to preserve this otherwise apt analogy, it is also essential that we first begin to understand something more: The emotional dynamic that may set off a terrorist may well not be any genuine commitment to some cause or other, but rather a convenient and accessible opportunity to dignify ordinary criminal impulses.

In the absence of such a useful justification, such criminal behavior would simply be inexcusable. With a self-serving justification, however, it can become a “heroic” act of revolution, liberation, or “martyrdom.” For the perpetrator — and mental illness surely does not preclude high intellectual capacity — an available metamorphosis of criminal violence into permissible and even celebrated forms of presumed obligation could be most welcome.

After all, this sort of transformation offers nothing less than the conversion of evil into good; indeed, at times, even something sacred.

For today’s terrorist, whether in Paris, Orlando or Nice, the mass murder of noncombatants is a typically satisfying expiation, a scapegoating operation that brings to mind certain ritualistic processes of bloodletting, religious sacrifice and an outlet for sadistic sexual excitement. For the jihadist in particular, terror may find a ready ideological shelter in Islam, but the expressed theology is likely little more than a useful cover for acting on otherwise forbidden wishes. The ready supply of adherents only indicates how widespread these forbidden wishes are — but have little to do with politics.

“Man seeks for drama and excitement,” wrote Erich Fromm, “but when he cannot get satisfaction on a higher level, he creates for himself the drama of destruction.” As to the prescribed sacrifice of innocents, whether in Florida, France or anywhere else, a bloodletting furnishes the prospective terrorist with (1) a seemingly incomparable outlet for those grievously violent impulses that would otherwise require self-restraint; and (2) an opportunity to disguise variously grotesque forms of murder as “faith.”

In the end, terrorism as an answer to psychic wishes is plausibly inseparable. But how can one build, pragmatically, upon this complicating factor in creating a more effective strategy for counter-terrorism? If there are literally millions of remorseless and deeply troubled individuals across the world who might crave just a “drama of destruction,” and who could discover a justification in religion or other “high” motives, what can be done to identify and to neutralize them? The sheer numbers involved are overwhelming.

In the end, our operational plans concerning jihadist terrorism may need to be more consciously structured as much upon the cumulative wisdom of Sigmund Freud, Erich Fromm and others as upon Sun-Tzu or Clausewitz.

Our operational plans concerning jihadist terrorism may need to be more consciously structured as much upon the cumulative wisdom of Sigmund Freud (right), Erich Fromm and others as upon Sun-Tzu (left) or Clausewitz.

More than anything else, this means taking care to consider all killing not solely expressions of politics or religion; and creating more suitable “firewalls” between psychopathic behavior and “political” outlets. This last recommendation must depend upon prior efforts to disabuse individuals of a seductive notion: that terrorism can offer would-be killers a pleasing path to personal sacredness and eventual redemption.

Louis René Beres is Emeritus Professor of International Law at Purdue University. His latest book is titled Surviving Amid Chaos: Israel’s Nuclear Strategy.

The Palestinian Islamic movement Hamas has once again demonstrated its priorities: killing Jews. That clearly takes precedence over easing the plight of the two million Palestinians living under its rule in the Gaza Strip.

Since Hamas violently seized control of the Gaza Strip in the summer of 2007, the conditions of the Palestinians living there have gone from bad to worse. Crisis after crisis has hit those under the Hamas rule; electricity and water as well as lack of medicine and proper medical care are in dangerously short supply.

Disputes between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority have left the Gaza Strip dangerously short of fuel, resulting in massive power outages. Palestinians there consequently have had to resort to using wood for cooking and heating. Hamas, which has brought about three wars that wreaked havoc on its people, is unable to provide them with basic needs.

Last week, Hamas received an offer that no sane entity would turn down. It is to be noted that the offer did not come from Hamas’s friends and allies in Iran and the Arab and Islamic world. Rather, the offer, which promises to turn the Gaza Strip, where most residents live in the poverty of “refugee camps,” into “the Singapore of the Middle East,” came from Israel.

Specifically, the offer was made by Israeli Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman, who proposed building a seaport and an airport, as well as industrial zones that would help create 40,000 jobs in the Gaza Strip, if Hamas agreed to demilitarization and to dismantling the tunnels and rocket systems it has built up.

“The Gazans must understand that Israel, which withdrew from the Gaza Strip to the last millimeter, is not the source of their suffering — it is the Hamas leadership, which doesn’t take their needs into consideration,” Lieberman said in a televised message to the residents of the Gaza Strip. “The moment Hamas gives up its tunnels and rockets, we’ll be the first to invest.”

Only Israel has ever made such an offer to Hamas. Such a plan would vastly improve the living conditions of the Gaza Strip population. All Hamas is required to do is abandon its weapons and plans to kill Jews, and return the bodies of missing Israeli soldiers.

A seaport and an airport would place the Gaza Strip on the global map and open it to investors not only from Israel, but from many other countries as well. Arab and Islamic states, however, are unlikely to rush in to invest in Gaza because, by and large, they despise the Palestinians. One of these countries, Egypt, imposes strict travel restrictions on the Palestinians in Gaza by keeping the Rafah border crossing closed for most days of the year. The Palestinians of the Gaza Strip are considered personae non gratae in many Arab and Islamic countries. Why? Perhaps because they see them as a security threat. Or perhaps simply because they hate their Arab brothers.

Still, there is no shortage of investors in the West who, if given the opportunity and the proper political climate, would not hesitate to invest their money in the Gaza Strip.

Sadly for the residents of Gaza, none of this is going to happen. Their leaders in Hamas, some of whom have accumulated large fortunes and are living comfortable lives in oil-rich Gulf countries, are not interested in alleviating their people’s misery. On the contrary; Hamas wants its people suffering, as bitter Palestinians are perfect candidates for recruitment to the jihad (holy war) against Israel, the Jews and the West.

Whither the future of Gaza: to be “the Singapore of the Middle East,” or to more terrorism and war? Sadly, Hamas does not want a new “Singapore” in the Middle East. Hamas wants Israel to disappear from the face of the earth. The welfare of Palestinians living under its rule is the last thing on the mind of Hamas.

But all of this takes some spin — at which Hamas, like its rival, the Palestinian Authority, is masterful. Whatever goes wrong in their territories as a result of their failed policies, Israel is to blame.

Israel’s latest offer to clean up the murderous mess that is now the Gaza Strip was rejected within hours of its delivery. One Hamas spokesman after the other made it clear that the Islamic movement is not interested in turning the Gaza Strip into “the Singapore of the Middle East,” but rather wishes to maintain its current status as a base for jihad and the promotion of extremist ideology, anti-Semitism and anti-Western sentiments.

Why did Hamas reject an offer for a seaport, airport and tens of thousands of jobs for Palestinians? Because Hamas does not see its conflict with Israel as an economic issue. The dispute is not about improving the living conditions of Palestinians, as far as Hamas is concerned. Instead, it is about the very existence of Israel.

“The Israeli offer is a silly one,” explained Palestinian political analyst Ibrahim Al-Madhoun. “Hamas rejected it because Hamas does not wish to turn the case of liberating the land and Palestinians into an economic issue.”

To clarify further: Hamas does not want a new “Singapore” in the Middle East. Hamas wants Israel to disappear from the Middle East and ideally from the face of the earth. The welfare of Palestinians living under its rule is the last thing on the mind of Hamas.

Strikingly, Hamas leaders openly admit all of this. “If we wanted to turn the Gaza Strip into Singapore, we could have achieved that with our own hands,” declared senior Hamas official Mahmoud Zahar. He went on to say that Hamas is continuing to prepare for war with Israel in order to “liberate all of Palestine.”

The “settlements,” to them, are not Judea, Samaria and east Jerusalem; they are Haifa, Jaffa (Tel Aviv), all of Jerusalem, all of Israel. Just look at any map of Palestine: the outline is identical to — superimposed on — Israel.

Hamas deserves credit for one thing: its honesty concerning its intentions to destroy Israel and kill as many Jews as possible. Hamas does not want 40,000 new jobs for the poor unemployed Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. It would rather see these unemployed Palestinians join its ranks and become soldiers in the jihad to replace Israel with an Islamic empire.

Palestinian leaders are experts at rejecting Israeli gestures and offers for peace. While Hamas continues to say “no” to ending the suffering of the people living under its thumb, the Palestinian Authority continues to reject various Israeli offers for peace. In the past two decades, Palestinian leaders have rejected the advances of all Israeli prime ministers who offered them concessions and compromise. Indeed, Hamas and the Palestinian Authority share a deadly determination to sacrifice as many Palestinians as possible in their war to destroy Israel.

Bassam Tawil is a scholar based in the Middle East.